{"id":241,"date":"2023-11-15T12:15:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-15T12:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/?p=241"},"modified":"2024-01-15T21:37:24","modified_gmt":"2024-01-15T21:37:24","slug":"1956-yilindan-once-yapilan-kamulastirmasiz-el-atmalarda-dava-acilamayacagina-yonelik-kuralin-aym-tarafindan-iptali-sonra-hukuksal-durum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/?p=241","title":{"rendered":"1956 Y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atmalarda dava a\u00e7\u0131lamayacag\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kural\u0131n AYM taraf\u0131ndan iptali sonras\u0131 hukuksal durum."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z El Atma Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncelikle kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atman\u0131n ne demek oldu\u011funu ve hukukumuzdaki yerini izah etmekte fayda vard\u0131r. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma idarenin, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaza, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma usullerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u201cfiilen\u201d ve \u201cbedelsiz\u201d bir \u015fekilde veya fiilen olmasa bile hukuki bir i\u015flemle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayarak el koymas\u0131d\u0131r. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma usulleri kanunda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu usulleri takip etmeden yap\u0131lan ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n kamuya ge\u00e7irilmesi neticesini do\u011furan i\u015flemler olarak da tan\u0131mlanabilir. \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse : Belediyenin vatanda\u015fa ait araziye park yapmas\u0131, Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete ait ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7itlerle \u00e7evirerek askeri b\u00f6lgeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi bu \u00f6rneklerden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Verilen bu \u00f6rnekler fiili el atma olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Fiili el atma ta\u015f\u0131nmaza kamu idaresinin fiili olarak el atmas\u0131 sonucunda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmesidir. Hukuki el atma da ise idarenin ta\u015f\u0131nmaza fiilen bir tecav\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 aranmaz. \u00dclkemizin imara a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu konudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1950 den 2010\u2019 a kadar idarenin hukuki olarak ta\u015f\u0131nmazlara el atmas\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma olarak de\u011ferlendirilmiyor, idarenin ta\u015f\u0131nmaza fiilen el koymas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 aran\u0131yordu. Ancak Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulunun 15.12.2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bir karar ile <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUzun y\u0131llar programa al\u0131nmayan imar plan\u0131n\u0131n fiilen hayata ge\u00e7irilmemesi nedeniyle kamula\u015ft\u0131rma ya da takas cihetine gitmeyen daval\u0131 \u0130darece, pasif ve suskun kal\u0131nmak ve i\u015flem tesis edilmemek suretiyle ta\u015f\u0131nmaza m\u00fcdahale edildi\u011fi; bu haliyle \u0130darenin eyleminin, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunan ve onu ortadan kald\u0131ran bir niteli\u011fe sahip bulunan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el koyma olgusunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli bulundu\u011fu, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc izahtan varestedir. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu itibarla, kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el koyma olgusunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal sonucu, \u0130darenin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 eylemiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 engellenen ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal sahibi davac\u0131n\u0131n, dava yoluyla kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el koyma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri do\u011frultusunda m\u00fclkiyetin bedele \u00e7evrilmesini, e\u015f s\u00f6yleyi\u015fle idareden de\u011fer kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n verilmesini isteyebilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011ferlendirmesiyle uzun y\u0131llar imar program\u0131na al\u0131nmayan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu \u015fekilde hukuki olarak el konulan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda da maliklerin dava yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n\u0131n bedelini idareden isteyebilece\u011fine karar vermi\u015ftir. Bu tarihten sonra ise malikler uzun y\u0131llar imar program\u0131na al\u0131nmayan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n\u0131n bedelini idarelerden talep edebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z El Atma Olgusunda Hukuksal D\u00f6nemler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atmada dava har\u00e7lar\u0131, vekalet \u00fccreti ve yarg\u0131 yoluna ili\u015fkin sebeplerle farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren d\u00f6nemler mevcuttur. Bunlar\u0131 s\u0131ralayacak olursak;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A-)09.10.1956 – 04.11.1983 Tarihleri Aras\u0131nda Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen El Atmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarihlerde el at\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlara ili\u015fkin  fiilen kamu hizmetine tahsis edilmi\u015f yani kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma yoluyla, idare taraf\u0131ndan fiili h\u00e2kimiyet kurulmu\u015f tasarruflar i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle uzla\u015fma zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmaza bu tarihlerde el at\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce idare ile uzla\u015fma yoluna ba\u015fvurmak dava \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu tarihler aras\u0131nda el at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde dava har\u00e7 \u00fccretleri ve avukatl\u0131k \u00fccreti maktu olarak belirlenir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bedeli \u00fczerinden de\u011fil sabit bir har\u00e7 \u00f6denir. Ta\u015f\u0131nmaza hangi tarihlerde el at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilemiyorsa Harita Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan idarenin ta\u015f\u0131nmaza el att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih g\u00fcn ay ve y\u0131l \u015feklinde tespit edilebilir. Bu durumun tespit edilmeden dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 uzla\u015fma dava \u015fart\u0131na ba\u015fvurmadan dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 neticesini de getirece\u011finden uzun yarg\u0131lamalardan sonra davan\u0131z\u0131n usulen reddedilmesi neticesinin do\u011furacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmaza fiilen el atma tarihinin tespiti \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B-) 04.11.1983  Tarihinden G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Kadar Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen El Atmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

04.11.1983 tarihinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen el atmalarda ise uzla\u015fma yoluna ba\u015fvuru dava \u015fart\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca 1956-1983 tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki el atmalardan bir di\u011fer fark\u0131 ise dava har\u00e7 \u00fccretleri ve vekalet \u00fccreti nisbi olarak hesaplan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bedeli \u00fczerinden har\u00e7 \u00f6denecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C-) 09.10.1956 Tarihinden \u00d6nce Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen El Atmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n da konusunu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu 5\/1\/1961 tarihli ve 221 say\u0131l\u0131 Amme H\u00fckmi \u015eah\u0131slar\u0131 veya M\u00fcesseseleri Taraf\u0131ndan Fiilen Amme Hizmetlerine Tahsis Edilmi\u015f Gayrimenkuller Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019 un ilgili maddeleri uyar\u0131nca 9\/10\/1956 Tarihinden \u00d6nce Kamu Hizmetlerine Fiilen Tahsis Edilen Ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n tahsis tarihi itibariyle kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler Anayasa Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan 21.04.2022 tarihi itibariyle iptal etmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atmalar usul\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsalar bile kanunun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 5\/1\/1961 tarihinden itibaren iki y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde malikler ba\u015fvurmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bedeline ili\u015fkin dava a\u00e7ma haklar\u0131 maliklerin ellerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu itibarla kurallar 9\/10\/1956 tarihinden \u00f6nce \u00fczerinde kamu hizmetinin nitelik ve amac\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde tesis veya yap\u0131 in\u015fa edilmesi suretiyle kamu hizmetine tahsis edildi\u011fi sabit olan ancak kamula\u015ft\u0131rma veya m\u00fclkiyeti kamuya ge\u00e7iren herhangi bir hukuki i\u015fleme tabi tutuldu\u011fu ortaya konulamayan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n ba\u015fka bir \u015fart aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n kanun gere\u011fince kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anayasada bulunan usullere ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el at\u0131lan bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131 oldu\u011funu varsayarsak buna ili\u015fkin dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131n\u0131z 05.01.1963 tarihi itibariyle sona ermekteydi. Ancak o d\u00f6nem itibariyle \u00fclkemizde hen\u00fcz kadastro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bile yeni yeni ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n kime ait oldu\u011fu bile bilinmemekteydi. Maliklerin ellerinde \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bir tapu senedi bile olmamaktayd\u0131. Bu kanun neticesinde bir\u00e7ok malik ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131na idarelerin fiilen el atmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok sonradan haberdar oldu\u011fundan durumu fark ettiklerinde dava a\u00e7ma s\u00fcreleri de ge\u00e7ti\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc hak kayb\u0131na u\u011framaktayd\u0131. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131,<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ve Anayasa ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan ve temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden biridir. Bu hak, zaman \u00f6tesi niteli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011framamaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n ve Temel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin Korunmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019ye Ek Protokol\u2019\u00fcn 1. maddesinde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHer ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015finin mal ve m\u00fclk dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesini isteme hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r. Herhangi bir kimse, ancak kamu yarar\u0131 sebebiyle ve yasada \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ko\u015fullara ve uluslararas\u0131 hukukun genel ilkelerine uygun olarak mal ve m\u00fclk\u00fcnden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131labilir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeklinde belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u0130laveten anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 35. Maddesinde de : \u201cHerkes, m\u00fclkiyet ve miras haklar\u0131na sahiptir. Bu haklar, ancak kamu ya- rar\u0131 amac\u0131yla, kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 toplum yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 korunmu\u015ftur. AYM ise iptal edilen Kanunla hak sahiplerine Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 13\/1\/1961 tarihinden itibaren iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131nmaz bedelini isteyebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 getirildi\u011fini, istenebilecek bedel ise ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n 9\/10\/1956 tarihinden \u00f6ncesine isabet edece\u011fi a\u015fik\u00e2r olan fiil\u00ee tahsis tarihindeki rayi\u00e7 bedeli oldu\u011funu, bu durumun ise kamula\u015ft\u0131rma bedelinin fiilen tahsis, kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma ve kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya esas rayi\u00e7 bedelin belirlendi\u011fi tarihten \u00e7ok daha sonraki bir tarihte \u00f6denmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 neticesini do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve malike a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fckledi\u011fi gerek\u00e7eleriyle kanunu iptal etmi\u015ftir.  \u0130ptal karar\u0131n\u0131n ise resmi gazetede yay\u0131nlanma  tarihinden 9 ay sonra (21.01.2023) y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netice itibariyle 21.01.2023 tarihinden sonra 09.10.1956 <\/strong>\u00f6nce Anayasada belirtilen g\u00fcvenceler dikkate al\u0131nmadan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atmalarda maliklere dava a\u00e7ma imk\u00e2n\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak a\u00e7\u0131lacak bu davalarda hangi usul i\u015flemlerinin takip edilece\u011fi, dava har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131 vek\u00e2let \u00fccretinin nas\u0131l belirlenece\u011fi, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n de\u011ferinin nas\u0131l tespit edilece\u011fi hususlar\u0131 net de\u011fildir. \u0130ptal tarihinden itibaren de buna ili\u015fkin kanuni bir d\u00fczenleme getirilmemi\u015ftir. Meclisin bu duruma ili\u015fkin bir kanuni d\u00fczenleme getirmesi halinde net bir yorum yap\u0131labilecektir. Kanaatimizce bu kanuni d\u00fczenleme beklenmeden dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n usul ekonomisi gere\u011fi do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Zira meclis taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlarda idarelerin \u00e7o\u011fu zaman az bedel \u00f6demeleri sonucunu do\u011furacak kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda kanun de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi neticesinde kanundan \u00f6nce mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan i\u015flemlerin sonu\u00e7suz kalaca\u011f\u0131 ve bu sebeple gereksiz zaman ve para kayb\u0131na sebebiyet verece\u011fi hususu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu kanunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu zaman Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle iptal edilmesine ra\u011fmen \u0131srarla ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri do\u011furan kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. AYM taraf\u0131ndan ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmleri iptal edilen kanunlar i\u00e7erisinde en \u00e7ok iptal edilen kanunun 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma Kanunu oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda bu \u015fekilde bir tespit yapmam\u0131z haks\u0131z say\u0131lmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6nce kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bedel talep edemeyen ki\u015filer bu bedeli talep edebilecektir. Ancak daha \u00f6nce de tekrar etti\u011fimiz \u00fczere hukuki bo\u015fluk bulundu\u011fundan \u015fu anda dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bulmuyoruz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z El Atma Nedir? \u00d6ncelikle kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atman\u0131n ne demek oldu\u011funu ve hukukumuzdaki yerini izah etmekte fayda vard\u0131r. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma idarenin, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaza, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma usullerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u201cfiilen\u201d ve \u201cbedelsiz\u201d bir \u015fekilde veya fiilen olmasa bile hukuki bir i\u015flemle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayarak el koymas\u0131d\u0131r. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma usulleri kanunda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[8,7,6],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=241"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":246,"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241\/revisions\/246"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/62"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dhmhukuk.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}